The combined population of five South Asian countries (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal) is expected to rise from the current 1.5 billion to 2.2 billion by 2050, with the biggest increases occurring in rural areas where the poorest people live. These five South Asian countries have great potential to expand and intensify aquaculture to meet rising demand and contribute to poverty reduction and rural development. Further, fish and shellfish production can play a vital role in the national economy and international trade. Fish production is notable for its flexibility in combination with other smallholder livelihood options and its dynamism in that it is many smallholders' best bet for earning cash income, requiring little supporting infrastructure. Because fish is a highly traded commodity, fish markets respond quickly to economic upswings. They are also particularly sensitive to downturns and external shocks. This flyer highlights the important role fisheries and aquaculture play in the allivation of food shortage and in helping the national economy.