The direct and indirect effects of recycling can have significant impacts on the ecological sustainabilty of the entire farming system. Indirect effects include the integration of new enterprises that promote recycling as well as the rehabilitation of natural resources that either result from recycling or are necessary to enterprise integration. This paper illustrates ICLARM's experience with the introduction of aquaculture into smallholder farming systems and its role in catalysing new resource flows and recycling of farm resources in these systems.