Aquaculture	The farming of aquatic animals (such as finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) and aquatic plants (mostly algae) using or within freshwater, sea water, brackish water or inland saline water.
Aquatic foods	Animals, plants and microorganisms that are farmed in and harvested from water, as well as cell- and plant-based foods emerging from new technologies.
Aquatic food systems	The complex web of all the elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that relate to the production, aggregation, processing, distribution, preparation, consumption and disposal of food products that originate from wild and capture fisheries, aquaculture and/or cell- and plant-based alternatives emerging from new technologies, and parts of the broader economic, societal and natural environments in which they are embedded. It encompasses the entire range of actors and their interlinked value-adding activities from production all the way to consumption, as well as the outcomes of these activities, including those related to nutrition, public health, food security, social and economic prosperity, and environmental sustainability.
Blue economy	An emerging but contested concept which encourages better stewardship of “blue” resources from both freshwater and marine spaces, including the ocean, seas, coasts, mangroves, lakes, rivers, and underground water. It encompasses a range of productive sectors, including fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, transportation, shipbuilding, energy, bioprospecting, and underwater mining and related activities. It aims for improvement of human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing impact on the environment.
Fisheries	The sum of activities leading to harvesting fish through wild capture or through aquaculture production in saltwater or freshwater. A fishery is typically defined in terms of the people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities, or a combination of the foregoing features.
Healthy and sustainable diets	Diets with low environmental impacts that contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations. They are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable and accessible, economically fair and affordable, and nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy—all while optimizing natural and human resources.
Impact	A fundamental and durable change in the condition of people and their environment brought about by a project or intervention.
Innovation	The process of introducing and taking to scale new ideas, products, services and solutions capable of facilitating impact.
Innovation system	The interlinked set of people, processes, assets and social institutions that enable innovation.
Ocean economy	The sum of the economic activities of ocean-based industries, together with the assets, goods and services provided by marine ecosystems. The interdependency of ocean-based industries and marine ecosystems combined with increasingly severe climate change threats to the health of the ocean have led to growing recognition of the need for an integrated approach to sustainable use and management of the ocean in ways that keep it healthy, productive, safe, secure and resilient.
Research	Generation and communication of data, information and knowledge on an empirical basis.
Science	Rigorous hypothesis-based research.
System	A set of interacting entities and processes that form a complex whole.
System transformation	A major shift in the governance and functioning of a system that brings about significant positive change for the majority of people in the system.

A4NH	Agriculture for Nutrition and Health
AARTC	Africa Aquaculture Research and Training Center
AAS	CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems
ACIAR	Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
AfDB	African Development Bank
ANCORS	Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security
ASARECA	Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa
ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AU	African Union
BFRF	Bangladesh Fisheries Research Forum
BFRI	Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute
BMGF	Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
CAADP	Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme
CCAFS	CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
CCARDESA	Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa
CEFAS	Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
CELAC	Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
CFS	UN Committee on Food Security and Nutrition
CIAT	International Center for Tropical Agriculture
CIFOR	Center for International Forestry Research
CIP	International Potato Center
CIRAD	French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development
COMESA	Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CORAF	Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development
CRP	CGIAR Research Program
DFID	Department for International Development
EAC	East African Community
ECCAS	Economic Community of Central African States
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization
FARA	Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa
FiRST	Fisheries Resource Information System and Tools
FISH	CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems
ICARS	International Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Solutions
ICCCAD	International Centre for Climate Change and Development
ICLARM	International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management
ICSF	International Collective in Support of Fishworkers
IFAD	International Fund for Agricultural Development
IIED	International Institute for Environment and Development
IITA	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
ILRI	International Livestock Research Institute
IFPRI	International Food Policy Research Institute
IOT	Internet of things
IMR	Institute of Marine Research
IRRI	International Rice Research Institute
IWMI	International Water Management Institute
LEAD	Learning, Excellence, Accountability and Diversity
MARE	Centre for Maritime Research
MEL	Monitoring, evaluation and learning
MOU	Memorandum of understanding
MSU	Michigan State University
NACA	Network of Aquaculture Associations of Asia
NARES	National agricultural research and extension systems
NOC	National Oceanography Centre
NORAD	Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
NRI	Natural Resources Institute
RBM	Results-based management
SAARC	South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SADC	Southern African Development Community
SDG	Sustainable Development Goal
STMH	London School of Medicine and Tropical Hygiene
SUN	Scaling Up Nutrition
TBTI	Too Big to Ignore Network
UBC	University of British Columbia
UNFCCC	UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNICEF	United Nations Children’s Fund
USAID	United States Agency for International Development
USDA	United States Department of Agriculture
UW	University of Washington
WFP	World Food Program
WHO	World Health Organization
WUR	Wageningen University & Research

PART I – RESPONDING TO CHANGE

FIGURE 1: Different parts of the aquatic food system.

FIGURE 2: Food system trends.

FIGURE 3: Contribution of aquatic foods to One CGIAR challenges and 2030 SDGs.

TABLE 1: Five global challenges for impact

TABLE 2: Potential for impact with aquatic foods research.

PART II – A TRANSFORMATIVE AGENDA FOR RESEARCH ON AQUATIC FOOD SYSTEMS

FIGURE 4: Research priorities for action.

FIGURE 5: Points to increase and retain nutrients along aquatic food value chains.

FIGURE 6: Increasing the speed of innovation toward sustainable aquatic food systems.

FIGURE 7: Types of outcomes and research outputs.

PART III – A CHANGE AGENDA FOR ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION

FIGURE 8: Five organization enablers for effective research and innovation.

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