The significance of fish for human nutrition, health, and livelihoods is increasingly recognized by and for people around the world, especially in the Global South. However, fisheries and aquaculture do not equally benefit people who are engaged in and rely on it. This chapter brings together insights from current literature on small-scale and commercial fisheries and aquaculture to surface the experiences, opportunities, and challenges for women and men in these sectors in the Global South. The chapter uses a gender and political economy lens, which enables the identification of patterns of social, political and economic trends, outcomes, and factors within and across the sectors in Southern countries that reflect and perpetuate inequalities, including gender.