The WorldFish Center and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are currently implementing a Regional Programme entitled Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Investing in Sustainable Solutions, to strengthen the capacity in the region to develop sustainable solutions to enhance the contributions of fish and fisheries to economic and human development. In particular, the programme is building a strategic response to HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector that will generate benefits for vulnerable groups in wider society. This short paper tries to synthesize the findings so far, to place them in a wider context of what we know about fisheries and HIV/AIDS in the region and globally, and to identify key issues of regional significance that require policy intervention at different levels.